Theirs was the ultimate musical marriage, a partnership that, once formed, re-engineered the very landscape of not just Jamaican music, but the entire world's. Such hyperbole is oftentimes rolled out by publicity machines whenever two musical talents come together, but in the case of drummer Sly Dunbar and bassist Robbie Shakespeare, it truly was an earth-shattering union. Their rhythms were the driving force behind innumerable songs, remixes, versions, and dubs. As a production team, they were the equivalent of a creative storm, the cutting edge of modern dub, ragga, and dancehall. Starting in the mid-'70s, the duo worked with seemingly every major Jamaican artist, as well as numerous rock, pop, and hip-hop stars from around the globe, including the Rolling Stones, Bob Dylan, Serge Gainsbourg, and KRS-One. They made a breakthrough on the U.K. pop charts with 1987's Rhythm Killers, an experimental funk/dance album produced by the equally prolific and boundary-breaking Bill Laswell. Active well into the 21st century, the duo produced hit singles by No Doubt, released dub albums like 2014's Underwater Dub and eclectic efforts such as 2020's Red Hills Road, and collaborated extensively with artists ranging from British reggae singer Bitty McLean to Finnish electronic experimentalist Vladislav Delay. Dunbar and Shakespeare joined forces in 1975, but by then they'd already become established figures on the Jamaican scene. Lowell Charles Dunbar was nicknamed Sly for his adoration of Sly Stone, and in his teens had begun his career in the late '60s playing in studio bands. For a while he was a member of the RHT Invincibles, a group led by Father Good'un that included such talents as Lloyd Parks, Bertram McLean, and Ansell Collins. The group cut several singles, but none were particularly successful. Dunbar would have better luck with his studio work and made his recorded debut with the Upsetters on the single "Night Doctor." Producer Lee Perry was obviously impressed with the young drummer and consistently used him in the studio. Even so, Dunbar continued with his outside interests, joining Skin, Flesh & Bones, a group led by Al Brown that boasted the drummer's old compatriot Lloyd Parks. In 1974, drummer and fellow bandmember Ranchie McLean launched a short-lived label, Taxi, which focused mainly on the group's and its members' own material. Meanwhile, Shakespeare was also making a name for himself. He too had launched his career as a sessionman in his teens and by the early '70s was a member of producer Bunny Lee's house band the Aggrovators. Inevitably, the two youths crossed paths during this period -- both were born and bred in Kingston and were only a year apart in age. Over time, both had worked with virtually all the major (and minor) artists on the island. It was producer JoJo Hookim who eventually brought them together when they separately joined his studio band the Revolutionaries in 1975. Their partnership grew slowly and they first worked together on Jimmy Cliff's Follow My Mind that same year. Oddly enough, the duo were also asked to produce the established French singer Serge Gainsbourg's 1975 album Aux Armes et Cætera. It was a bizarre combination for all concerned, but the sessions went so well that the duo not only produced the singer's next album, but also agreed to accompany him on his French tour. 1976 was even more dramatic. Sly & Robbie oversaw Culture's seminal Two Sevens Clash album, one of the greatest albums of the roots age. The pair's productions were slowly beginning to gain international acclaim, and joining superstar DJ U-Roy's backing band for his U.K. tour brought them further recognition. Before the year was out, the duo had also appeared on Peter Tosh's Natty Rebel album, inaugurating a four-year relationship that saw them accompany the former Wailer on tours around the States and Europe. Meanwhile, their session work back in Jamaica with Hookim continued apace, while Shakespeare also continued playing with the Aggrovators. However, their rising prominence is made clear by Leroy Smart's 1977 Super Star album, whose musician credits proudly boast Robbie Shakespeare & the Aggrovators and Sly Dunbar & the Revolutionaries. The Heartbeat label released two compilations that feature the Revolutionaries' phenomenal work for Hookim's Channel One label. 1989's Hitbound! The Revolutionary Sound of Channel One features some of their most legendary work, with artists like Horace Andy, Junior Byles, the Mighty Diamonds, the Meditations, and Black Uhuru. The Mighty Two, ostensibly a compilation of Errol Thompson's and Joe Gibbs' greatest productions, also features the group at their best, backing the likes of Peter Tosh, Dennis Brown, Prince Far I, Culture, and many more. 1978 brought the legendary One Love Peace Festival, where the Revolutionaries accompanied Tosh's electrifying performance. The set was recorded for posterity and released in 2000 by the JAD label. Having worked ceaselessly over the last couple of years, Sly & Robbie had carefully put aside every penny they could until they finally had enough to start their own label, Taxi, the name nicked from Dunbar's long-defunct first co-effort. A studio needs a house band, and the men built it logically enough around members of the Revolutionaries. The Taxi All Stars (aka the Roots Radics) included guitarist Rad Bryan, percussionist Sticky Thompson, and keyboardists Ansel Collins and Winston Wright. The label was inaugurated with Black Uhuru's "Observe Life," marking the start of another crucial relationship. Taxi quickly garnered its first chart hit with Gregory Isaacs' classic "Soon Forward." From there on out, Taxi was an unstoppable force on the Jamaican scene. The Island compilation Present Taxi showcases a dozen of the label's early singles and includes Junior Delgado's masterpiece "Fort Augustus" and the hit "Merry Go Round," as well as the Wailing Souls' "Sweet Sugar Plum" and "Old Broom" alongside crucial cuts from Dennis Brown, Gregory Isaacs, the Tamlins, former Unique Jimmy Riley, DJ General Echo, and more. Notable omissions include the duo's work with Max Romeo and Prince Far I. Sly & Robbie weren't content to merely produce other artist's work, however, although they continued their outside session work. Before the decade was out, the "Riddim Twins", as they were then being called, were providing the pulsing rhythms for albums from such legendary vocalists as Bunny Wailer, the Mighty Diamonds, Jacob Miller, and myriad DJ stars including General Echo, Ranking Dread, and Barrington Levy. And this still wasn't enough for Dunbar, who also released several solo singles and a pair of solo albums Simple Slyman and Sly, Wicked and Slick. However, their most crucial work was in conjunction with Black Uhuru, who, throughout this period, had recorded a stream of seminal singles for Taxi -- "Shine Eye Girl" and "Plastic Smile" among them -- which would be gathered up for the group's Showcase album. Throughout the group's powerful albums -- Sinsemilla, Red, and Tear It Up -- Dunbar's heavy beats and Shakespeare's sinuous bass, the heart and soul of the Revolutionaries' sound, lie at the core of Black Uhuru's music, while the duo's throbbing, deeply dread production perfectly twined around the group's own phenomenal vocal performance. This partnership reached an epiphany on 1982's Chill Out, the album that rocketed the Riddim Twins to international renown and took them on a tour opening for the Rolling Stones as part of Black Uhuru's backing band. Meanwhile, as the new decade dawned, Sly & Robbie inked a Taxi distribution deal with the Island label. Island head Chris Blackwell then hired the Jamaicans to work with avant-garde singer Grace Jones. The results -- a sparse, funky, dubby, but robotic sound, led by Dunbar's fascination with the new Syndrums -- set fire to dance clubs around the world and impacted the new wave scene. The pair's fascination with dub was also growing, with their first excursions into the genre appearing on the flipsides of singles released in 1981. The following year's Crucial Reggae: Driven by Sly & Robbie compiled an album's worth of instrumentals and deadly dubs onto one convenient disc. This was followed in 1985 by the equally devastating A Dub Experience, another bundle of earth-shattering rhythms. In the early part of the decade, Sly & Robbie worked with a dizzying array of artists, including the cream of the DJ crowd. Frankie Paul, Sugar Minott, Charlie Chaplin, and Half Pint all released seminal cuts overseen by the duo, while their work on Johnny Osbourne's 1983 Osbourne in Dub is of particular note. In 1984, the U.K. CSA label brought together this set with Black Sound Uhuru's Love Crisis dub companion, Jammies in Lion Dub Style, which was also remixed by the duo. Even the re-formed Skatalites came knocking at their door and the end result was With Sly & Robbie & the Taxi Gang. Sounds of Taxi, Vol. 1 arrived in 1984, a label sampler of Taxi singles, B-sides, and dubs; a second and third volume would follow over the next two years. The Heartbeat label would later release the Taxi Fare compilation, an excellent entry into the world of Sly & Robbie, while Sonic Sounds' Many Moods Of focuses the spotlight on the duo's dubs from this period. The pair's close connection to the dancehalls and their ever more experimental electronic sounds, coupled with Dunbar's virtual desertion of his drum kit for Syndrums, foreshadowed the rise of ragga; in reality, Sly & Robbie's productions provided the blueprint for ragga and the digital revolution. This was particularly evident on the pair's own instrumentals, credited to either Sly & Robbie or the Taxi Gang and often titled in reference to Taxi itself -- "Unmetered Taxi," "Taxi Connection," "Maxi Taxi," and the witty "Rent a Car." Here the pair show off their genius, perfectly welding together rocksteady tempos to a totally contemporary sound. Dunbar's mechanized beats were so far afield from what others were creating as to be off the map entirely, while Shakespeare's sinuous bass adds a rich organic feel to the sound. Together the two created a style utterly unique, with rhythms taut and menacing enough to rampage through the dancehalls, but still so organic as to hold the roots crowd in its thrall. The duo was quick to champion upcoming talent, notably Ini Kamoze, and were there to assist producer Bobby Digital's rise to stardom. Their generosity also helped launch George Phang to fame: in return for a favor, the Riddim Twins gifted the producer with a clutch of their own rhythms. With the duo, Phang would create such hits as Barrington Levy's "Money Move," Sugar Minott's "Rydim," Frankie Paul's "Winsome," and many more. Sly & Robbie threw their weight and rhythms behind many more producers during the latter part of the '80s. Gussie Clarke, Phil "Fatis" Burrell, Clive Jarrett and Beswick "Bebo" Phillips, and Myrie Lewis and Errol Marshall all owe much of their success to the duo's deadly rhythms, which helped their releases to flood the dancehalls and the charts. However, the pair continued to gain the attention of vocalists. Sly & Robbie were an integral element of Toots Hibbert's Toots in Memphis album and, with Bunny Wailer, co-produced Marcia Griffiths' "Fever" single. But their attention was not focused exclusively on Jamaicans, and over the years, Sly & Robbie have consistently worked with artists far removed from the reggae scene. The two have employed their talents with such unlikely artists as Joe Cocker, Joan Armatrading, Ian Dury, Bob Dylan, Robert Palmer, the Rolling Stones, and Herbie Hancock. The breadth of their productions and playing seemingly knows no boundaries. Language Barrier, overseen by Bill Laswell and including guest appearances from Dylan, Manu Dibango, and Afrika Bambaataa, appeared in 1985. The Sting and the Taxi Gang's Electro Reggae Vol. 1 followed Language Barrier in 1986. In 1987, Sly & Robbie joined forces once again with Laswell for the funk-oriented Rhythm Killers, backed by another wide-ranging cast of collaborators, among them Shinehead, Henry Threadgill, and Rammellzee. It reached number 35 on the U.K. charts and included the hit single "Boops (Here to Go)," which charted at number 12. Taxi Connection Live in London arrived that same year. 1988 brought The Summit, overseen by Fattis Burrell, a game plan for the electronic revolution that was about to shake the entire dancehall scene. The next year's Silent Assassin was equally prescient, a deadly dub-rap hybrid produced by KRS-One that featured a guest appearance from hip-hop heroine Queen Latifah. The new decade opened with DJ Riot, a title that accurately summed up the album's intent. In 1992, Dunbar formed a new production team with Peter Turner and Maureen Sheridan and a second one with Bedrose & Malvo. With the former pair, he would oversee such artists as Junior Reid and Sabre, while the latter grouping would work with the likes of such up-and-coming DJ stars as Spragga Benz, Mad Cobra, and Snagga Puss. In a very different vein, Dunbar would also oversee a clutch of revivalist religious recordings. But even with all this outside activity, Dunbar and Shakespeare's relationship remained solid and extremely active. The pair has produced some of dancehall's leading lights, overseeing hit singles and albums by Shabba Ranks, Chaka Demus & Pliers, Beenie Man, and Luciano, among many, many more. 1996's Hail Up the Taxi conveniently bundles up the best of the pair's productions and session work from the first half of the decade. Their own recordings have remained equally strong. Perhaps as a brief respite from the dancehalls, in 1992 the pair released Remember Precious Times, a sublime album of covers of roots and reggae classics. The duo continued to work with Laswell on projects like 1996's Axiom Dub: Mysteries of Creation. A flood of albums appeared during the rest of the decade: The Punishers, Mambo Taxi, Babylon I Rebel, Reggae Dancehall, Friends, and Present Taxi Christmas were all released between 1996 and 1998, as Sly & Robbie took on movie and TV themes, dub, and dancehall, brought their mates into the studio, and celebrated Christmas to boot. In 1999, they entered a strip club, video cam in hand, for Strip to the Bone, which married striptease to devastating dub. Dub was also the point of entry for Massive and Dub Fire. From there it was into jazz, when the pair collaborated with Monty Alexander for the Monty Meets Sly & Robbie album. The Riddim Twins have also continued to record on a regular basis, both as the crucial bottom end for others' work as well as their own music. Another slew of Sly & Robbie releases followed in the early 2000s, culminating in 2006's Rhythm Doubles, which was nominated for a Best Reggae Album Grammy. The rest of the decade was collaboration-heavy, seeing the duo working with reggae tenets like Horace Andy, as well as in odd pairings with the likes of Britney Spears and Paul McCartney. In the early part of 2012, Sly & Robbie returned with Blackwood Dub, their first traditional dub album in years. Recorded in 2011 and produced in collaboration with Alberto Blackwood and Gilroy "Rolex" Stewart, the album was marketed with the slogan "Strictly dub – no vocals." In 2013, they collaborated with French saxophonist Stepper on the album Stepper Takes the Taxi. The follow-up to Blackwood Dub arrived in 2014 when Underwater Dub came to the surface with more sprawling and laid-back material. In 2015, Sly & Robbie appeared on two albums cut in collaboration with the Japanese group Spicy Chocolate, The Reggae Power and The Reggae Power 2. 2017 saw the rhythm section releasing albums in collaboration with Brinsley Forde (One Fire Dub) and Junior Natural (Militant). 2018's Overdubbed teamed Sly & Robbie with the Canadian dub and dance music artist Dubmatix. That same year, trumpeter Nils Petter Molvær, guitarist Eivind Aarset, and electronic artist Vladislav Delay released their album of music created with Sly & Robbie, Nordub. Delay then collaborated with Sly & Robbie on another full-length, 500-Push-Up, which appeared on Belgian label Sub Rosa in 2020. Red Hills Road, named after the strip in Kingston which housed the first clubs Sly & Robbie performed at early in their career, was released digitally in 2020, then issued on vinyl the following year. The duo's long and influential career came to a close in December of 2021 when Shakespeare passed away at the age of 68. ~ Jo-Ann Greene & Paul Simpson, Rovi