Since his emergence on the creative jazz and new music scenes in the late 1960s and early '70s, Joe McPhee has been a deeply emotional composer, improviser, and multi-instrumentalist. His 1970 release Black Magic Man was the first album issued on Hat Hut Records, and found him building on the music of artists like John Coltrane and Albert Ayler. He continued that development over the next 50 years, joining dozens of luminaries including Jimmy Giuffre and Andre Jaume (River Station, 1993), Ken Vandermark (A Meeting in Chicago, 1997), and Peter Brötzmann (Guts, 2013), and working regularly with Trio X alongside bassist Dominic Duval and drummer Jay Rosen. McPhee has appeared on hundreds of recordings. In 2021, he issued The Sweet Spot with drummer Michael Bisio, percussionist Juma Sultan, and cellist Fred Lonberg-Holm. In 2022, he released Existential Moments with bassist John Edwards and drummer Klaus Kugel. Throughout his long career, McPhee has shown that emotional content and theoretical underpinnings are thoroughly compatible in the world of creative improvised music. Born on November 3, 1939, in Miami, Florida, McPhee first began playing the trumpet at age eight. He continued on that instrument through high school and then in a U.S. Army band stationed in Germany; during his Army stint, he was first introduced to traditional jazz. Clifford Thornton's Freedom and Unity, released on the Third World label in 1967, is the first recording on which McPhee appears. In 1968, he began playing the saxophone and since then has investigated a wide range of instruments (including pocket trumpet, clarinet, valve trombone, and piano), with active involvement in both acoustic and electronic music. McPhee's first recordings as leader appeared on the CjR label, which he founded in 1969 with painter Craig Johnson. These include Underground Railroad by the Joe McPhee Quartet in 1969, Nation Time by Joe McPhee in 1970, and Trinity by Joe McPhee, Harold E. Smith, and Mike Kull in 1971. By 1974, Swiss entrepreneur Werner X. Uehlinger had become aware of McPhee's recordings and unreleased tapes. Uehlinger was so impressed that he decided to form the Hat Hut label as a vehicle to release McPhee's work. The label's first LP was Black Magic Man, which had been recorded by McPhee in 1970. It was followed by The Willisau Concert and the landmark solo recording Tenor, released by Hat Hut in 1976. The earliest recordings by McPhee are often informed by the revolutionary movements of the late '60s and early '70s; for example, Nation Time is a tribute to poet Amiri Baraka and Joe McPhee & Survival Unit II at WBAI's Free Music Store, 1971 (finally released as a Hat Art CD in 1996) is a sometimes-anguished post-Coltrane cry for freedom and liberation. But for the most part, McPhee's later artistic endeavors have been driven less by politics and more by the joy of sonic exploration for its own sake. As the '80s began, and with a number of Hat Art recordings under his belt, McPhee met composer, accordionist, performer, and educator Pauline Oliveros, whose theories of "deep listening" strengthened his interests in extended instrumental and electronic techniques. McPhee also read Edward de Bono's book Lateral Thinking: A Textbook of Creativity, which presents concepts for solving problems by "disrupting an apparent sequence and arriving at the solution from another angle." De Bono's theories inspired McPhee to apply this "sideways thinking" to his own work in creative improvisation, resulting in the concept of "Po Music." McPhee describes "Po Music" as a "process of provocation" that can be used to "move from one fixed set of ideas in an attempt to discover new ones." He concludes "It is a Positive, Possible, Poetic Hypothesis." The results of McPhee's application of Po principles to creative improvisation can be heard on several Hat Art recordings, including Topology, Linear B, and Oleo & a Future Retrospective. Although his work was well-documented on Hat Hut, McPhee had never secured a contract with a United States-based label and was still a relative unknown in his home country as the '80s progressed, and he went on hiatus to care for his aging parents. McPhee re-emerged into the performing and recording world during the '90s and finally began to attract wider attention from the North American creative jazz community. He has since performed and recorded prodigiously as both leader and collaborator, appearing on such labels as CIMP, Okka Disc, Music & Arts, and Victo. In 1996, 20 years after Tenor, Hatology released As Serious as Your Life, a second solo recording (this time featuring McPhee performing on various instruments). McPhee also began a fruitful relationship with Chicago reedman Ken Vandermark, engaging in a set of improvisational dialogues with Vandermark and bassist Kent Kessler on the 1998 Okka Disc CD A Meeting in Chicago. The Vandermark connection also led to McPhee's appearance on the Peter Brötzmann Chicago Octet/Tentet three-CD box set released by Okka Disc that same year. As the '90s drew to a close, McPhee formed a trio with bassist Dominic Duval and drummer Jay Rosen and premiered the new ensemble at a New York City jazz festival. Given the lack of press attention they received, McPhee, Duval, and Rosen decided that an apt title for the group would be Trio X. A number of Trio X recordings were later released on Cadence Jazz and CIMP, including Rapture (1998), The Watermelon Suite (1999), On Tour: Toronto/Rochester (2001), In Black and White (2002), Journey (2003), and The Sugar Hill Suite (2004), and the band received favorable critical notice for these recordings as well as for its live concert and festival appearances. In October 2008, Trio X embarked on a tenth anniversary tour in the U.S. and also released a limited-edition seven-CD box set documenting seven concerts recorded in the Midwest and New York state. The 21st century saw McPhee release No Greater Love (2000), Voices: Ten Improvisations (2008), and Tomorrow Came Today (2009). McPhee's schedule in the second decade of the new century was relentless. His touring remained nearly constant, and his many recording projects displayed new and familiar collaborations as well as the release of many archival documents. In 2010, he issued Blue Chicago Blues in duo with bassist Ingebrigt Haker Flaten; Trio X also issued a four-disc box of 2000s/2010s live material. That year also saw Corbett vs. Dempsey release the retrospective Solo (1968-1973). The year 2011 saw no less than half a dozen releases, including Creole Gardens (A New Orleans Suite) with drummer Michael Zerang; Ibsen's Ghosts with Haker Flaten, Jeb Bishop, and Zerang; and OTO in collaboration with Decoy. In 2012, McPhee took part in the international tribute concert to Albert Ayler on the 40th anniversary of his passing. McPhee closed the show performing solo, which was documented on the Rogue Art album 13 Miniatures for Albert Ayler. He also released further collaborations with Haker Flaten and Decoy, as well as Ithaca with pianist Eli Keszler. The following year saw no less than ten releases in a variety of contexts. Among them were the Nation Time: The Complete Recordings (Corbett vs. Dempsey), What / If / They Both Could Fly in duo with Evan Parker, the solo Sonic Elements (both from Clean Feed), Last Notes with Thurston Moore and Bill Nace, Red Sky with drummer Paal Nilssen-Love, and his slots as a featured soloist on Trespass Trio's Human Encore and the Deep Listening Band's Looking Back. McPhee's touring schedule with Trio X took up much of his time in 2014 (it resulted in more concert recordings), but he managed to issue two dates on his own that year as well: Quod with Jean-Marc Foussat and Sylvain Guérineau, and a collaboration with Konstrukt entitled Babylon. That latter working relationship continued into the next year with If You Have Time. The year 2015 found McPhee returning to CleanFeed on Skullduggery, a collaborative album with the Amsterdam-based trio Universal Indians. Not Two issued This Is Our Language, a quartet session with Rodrigo Amado, Chris Corsano, and Kent Kessler. A pair of important archival sets were released as well: Solos: The Lost Tapes 1980/1981/1984 on Roaratorio and the extended EP Alone Together: The Solo Ensemble Recordings 1974 & 1979 from Corbett vs. Dempsey. Nilssen-Love's PNL label issued Soul Stream, a quartet with drummer Lasse Marhaug and Japanese koto master Michiyo Yagi. PNL also issued Candy, a seven-disc box set of Nilssen-Love's duos with McPhee. The trumpeter/saxophonist spent the first eight months of 2016 touring the U.S. and Europe (including a gig with Universal Indians at AylerFest 2016). His recordings included The Paris Concert in trio with guitarist Raymond Boni and synthesist Jean-Marc Foussat, the archival Zurich (1979), and a vinyl issue of Soul Stream. The live album My Undocumented Alien Clarinet, documenting a 2006 performance with electronics-based musician Bryan Eubanks, appeared in 2017. The following year he stayed busy with several collaborations, pairing with Mats Gustafsson on Brace for Impact, and Hamid Drake on Keep Going. He also reunited with saxophonist Amado for A History of Nothing. In 2019 McPhee appeared or led sessions on no less than ten albums. Among them were pedal steel guitarist Susan Alcorn's globally acclaimed Invitation to a Dream with Ken Vandermark; At the Hill of James Magee with saxophonist John Butcher; Song for the Big Chief and Lift Every Voice and Sing with drummer/percussionist Paal Nilssen-Love. The following year, improv trio Decoy teamed with McPhee for AC / DC, their third recording together in a decade. He and Marhaug worked as a duo on Harmonia Macrocosmica, and the multi-instrumentalist teamed with saxophonist Dave Rempis, cellist Tomeka Reid, bassist Brandon Lopez and Nilssen-Love on the limited edition LP, Of Things Beyond Thule, Vol. 1. In 2020, Chicago's Corbett vs. Dempsey also offered a double-length set titled Black Is the Color. It featured vintage live recordings from 1969 by the Contemporary Improvisational Ensemble (of which he was a member) and a quartet concert co-led by McPhee and vocalist Octavius Graham. In early 2021, Corbett vs. Dempsey issued the solo offering Route 84 Quarantine Blues, recorded at home during the COVID-19 pandemic. Blue Reality Quartet! released by Mahakala Music showcased a new band with clarinetist Michael Marcus, and drummers Jay Rosen and Warren Smith. Idyllic Noise released Tell Me How Long Has Trane Been Gone (For James Baldwin & John Coltrane), a duo recording with bassist John Edwards. He closed the year with The Sweet Spot, an improvised studio-recorded quartet with cellist Fred Lonberg-Holm, drummer Michael Bisio, and percussionist Juma Sultan for Rogue Art. In March of 2022, Poland's Not Two label issued Existential Moments, a live 2019 trio recording with Edwards and Klaus Kugel. ~ Dave Lynch & Thom Jurek, Rovi