One of the most influential and prolific producers in reggae history, Bunny "Striker" Lee pioneered the art of the dub. Working closely with his equally legendary engineer King Tubby, Lee was one of the first to utilize studio technology like an instrument unto itself, deconstructing the mixes of reggae tunes until they were entirely different versions of the original song. Among his many innovations that forever shifted the course of Jamaican music was the "flying cymbal" sound, a shuffling hi-hat pattern that added a specific tension and danceability to the grooves and became synonymous with a certain era of mid-'70's reggae. Lee pushed Jamaican music forward from the early days of ska through to dancehall boom of the '80s and beyond. Edward O'Sullivan Lee was born in Jamaica on August 23, 1941; he entered the music industry in 1962 through his brother-in-law, the great reggae singer Derrick Morgan, landing a job as a record plugger for Duke Reid's famed Treasure Isle label. By the mid-'60s, Lee was working with Ken Lack's Caltone imprint, producing his first record, Lloyd Jackson & the Groovers' "Listen to the Beat," in 1967. His first significant hit, Roy Shirley's "Music Field," followed later that year on WIRL, and upon founding his own label, he reeled off a series of well-received sides including Morgan's "Hold You Jack," Slim Smith's "My Conversation," and Pat Kelly's "Little Boy Blue." As the decade drew to its close, Lee was among the most successful producers in reggae, and by 1971 he was working side by side with engineer King Tubby, who almost singlehandedly invented dub by taking existing master tapes and -- after cutting out vocals, bringing up the basslines, and adding and subtracting other instruments -- creating new rhythm tracks for sound system DJs to voice over. Later adding delays, fades, and phasing to his sonic arsenal, Tubby was already renowned throughout the Jamaican music industry by the time he began collaborating with Lee, but together, the duo produced the finest music of their respective careers. Unlike most of his producer peers, Lee recorded his celebrated studio band the Aggrovators with Tubby's remixing skills firmly in mind, crafting deep, dense rhythms strong enough to survive even the most strenuous studio reworking, and together they unleashed some of the most enduring dub versions ever cut. At the peak of his career -- essentially the period from 1969 to 1977 -- Lee produced thousands of records, creating a labyrinthine discography of vocal sides, DJ records, and dub versions, each disc seemingly spun off from another. Among Lee's most influential projects was a 1974 collaboration with singer Johnny Clarke which yielded a series of roots reggae classics including "None Shall Escape the Judgement" and "Move Out of Babylon"; that same year, he also helmed Owen Grey's smash "Bongo Natty," while the 1975 Cornel Campbell hit "The Gorgon" launched a number of like-minded "Gorgon rock" records. It was in this phase that hits produced by Lee ushered in the "flying cymbal" sound that would become both his calling card and the sound of mid-'70s dub. At one time or another, Lee also worked with everyone from Jackie Edwards to Alton Ellis to Ken Boothe, and for all of his experimental instincts, he also possessed a commercial flair equal to any of his contemporaries. By the early '80s, however, Tubby was running his own studio and producing his own records, and although they continued to collaborate on occasion, Lee was producing new music at a much slower rate than before. He did manage to produce Beenie Man's 1983 debut album The Invincible Beany Man: The 10 Year Old D.J. Wonder, when the future reggae star was still a child. Lee later purchased producer Joe Gibbs' former Kingston-area studio, making a few attempts at working with digital technology but otherwise easing into retirement as the years passed, his place in reggae history assured. Bunny "Striker" Lee died on October 6, 2020, due to respiratory failure after struggling for months with kidney disease. He was 79 years old. ~ Jason Ankeny, Rovi